Effective Study Skills Are the Sole Foundation of a Sound Essay

Successful examination abilities are unquestionably a significant factor of sound instruction. They don’t occur without any forethought. They â€Å"evolve and develop through training, experimentation, input from others and reflection through various phases of the course† (Cottrell,S.2008. pg1) Working on viable examination aptitudes implies the individual will discover what works best. Essentially â€Å"learning how to learn† (Cottrell,S. 2008. pg 48). There are various manners by which people learn, for example ‘conscious learning’ †when the individual knows they are learning (Cottrell,S. 2008. pg 48). ‘Unconscious learning’ †when the individual is ignorant that it is going on yet it might become cognizant realizing when they simply know something and afterward wonder, how could I realize that (Cottrell,S. 2008. pg 48). Every individual has 3 distinctive learning styles which influence their lives. A few people learn better utilizing visual learning, for example, taking a gander at pictures or charts. Others are sound-related students for example tuning in to chronicles. At that point there are individuals who are kinaesthetic or material students, they like to contact and play with things. (Wyman,P. 2011). By testing every one of these sorts of learning individuals will perceive what they discover most straightforward to utilize and afterward have the option to adjust it to their examinations. Successful investigation abilities could be portrayed as the sole establishment of sound training while doing autonomous learning. A student would secure information independently, in this manner great investigation abilities are fundamental (Meena. 2012). This becomes effective on a separation adapting course for example foot wellbeing certificate. Having the decision of when and where examining happens, implies being sufficiently restrained to commit the chance to it. Basically the individual is instructing themselves. To truly prevail in a picked subject accomplishing something with authentic excitement is most significant in any case people could simply lose intrigue.

The No Child Left Behind Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The No Child Left Behind Act - Essay Example In any case, for certain understudies, the honorable thought of not abandoning a kid has not yet been paid attention to with the overall population and a ton of instructive frameworks which incorporates specialized curriculum. Besides, the movements of qualifications, evaluation, classification, position, and guidance have really intended to put down their social and semantic contrasts. With that, it is obvious that educational systems disregard multiculturalism and decent variety particularly in instructive mediation, where the minority understudies are set, which implies youngsters are abandoned (Obiakor 2000). Shockingly, there are some political figures that accept the no youngster deserted program doesn't work since minority bunches in educational systems spread 40% of the understudy body and there are need assets and housing for them to learn on an even level with different understudies. This makes a significant issue with these youngsters adapting appropriately and successfully, which demonstrates that that number of the developing assorted variety is being disregarded. In financial years 2002 through the current 2004, Congress approved between $26.4 billion and $32 billion to be spent on the No Child Left Behind activity. While Bush's spending demand rose in every one of those years, it despite everything missed the mark concerning the approval. Also, in the previous two financial years, the president's solicitation of about $22 billion was not as much as what Congress had appropriated the prior year. The two years, Congress gave more than Bush mentioned. Pundits likewise state that the way the No Child Left Behind government evaluating framework works isn't reasonable at times since it requires yearly advancement from a school as well as from each subgroup of understudies, incorporating those with handicaps or ones who communicate in English as a subsequent language (Bush stumps for 'No Child Left Behind). The developing number of newborn children and little children of minority bunches is expanding each year. Beneath comprises of certain insights that reveals insight into the issues, which needs to tended to promptly by instructors and groups of minority more seasoned youngsters, newborn children and babies (Diversity in Early Childhood Intervention Leadership Current Facts and Challenges). The U.S. Division of Education (2003a) found that 38.8% of state funded school understudies were minorities in 2000, up from 29.6% in 1986. Likewise, the quantity of understudies who communicated in a language other than English at home rose from 6.3 million out of 1979 to 13.7 million out of 1999 (U.S. Branch of Education, 2003b). Minority educators, then again, represented just 13% of the personnel. The quantity of ethnically and semantically differing understudies is proceeding to develop. Continuously 2005, kids and young people of shading will make up as much as 40% of the U.S. youth populace. Schools with high convergences of dark and Hispanic understudies consistently have the most instructors with the least experience and minimal capabilities for the subject they educate. Babies and little children ages birth to 2 who are served under IDEA, Part C, mirror the developing decent variety of the U.S. The kids spoke to are African-American (15%), Hispanic/Latino (18%), Asian/Pacific Islander (4%) and American Indian/Alaskan (1%). Custom curriculum educators who served principally understudies ages 3-5 order themselves as Asian (2%), Black (5.8%), White (90%) and other (2%). 6.4% see themselves as Hispanic and 93.6% don't. Youngsters from minimal wealthy segment bunches structure a

TorrentSafe The Best Cloud Torrent Client You Need

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Essay about Machiavelli’s View of Human Nature - 583 Words

Niccolo Machiavelli was a political philosopher from Florence Italy. He lived during the Italian Renaissance from May 1469 to 1527. This period in time that Machiavelli lived was the rebirth of art in Italy and rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature and science. Machiavelli’s philosophy about the nature of man is that man possesses both good and bad qualities, but will lean towards his own self-interests when all things are equal: thus man is a fickle creature. Machiavelli’s view of human nature influences his view of government.†¦show more content†¦This advise would not be sound if man was upright; but because he is treacherous and would not keep his promise, a prince should not consider himself bound to keep promises to him. He asserts that it is necessary for a ruler, w hen he is with his army, to not worry about being considered harsh because armies are never kept united and prepared for military action, unless their leader is thought to be ruthless. Men who are fearful of punishment will be apt to obey commands without hesitation. Machiavelli believes the only way to ensure loyalty of men is to be respected and greatly feared by them. This fear will keep his men from dissension whether warfare is going well or badly; thus preserving the defense of the state. Machiavelli maintains that â€Å"men are simple of mind, and so much dominated by their immediate needs, that a deceitful man will always find plenty who are ready to be deceived; thus a prince can appear to be merciful, truthful, humane, sincere, and religious. The advantage of this appearance will be the impression of a just government, even if the government employs underlying unjust means to accomplish its goals. Men will look at the end result to consider whether to praise or denounce h im. Machiavelli believes that men will follow a powerful ruler, and without this power, effective rule isShow MoreRelatedMachiavellis View on Human Nature Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavelli’s View on Human Nature The author, Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, is different from other humanists in his time, because his view on the nature of man contradicts what most humanists believed. Humanists of that time believed that individuals played an important role to the well-being of the state, and that â€Å"†¦ they also believed in classicism’s basic tenet that human nature is inherently rational and good† (Western Humanities, pg. 343). Machiavelli, however, had a negative view on human natureRead More Machiavelli’s View of Human Nature Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s View of Human Nature Simple versions of Machiavelli’s conception of human nature may readily be elicited from The Prince. It is easy to find textual support for claims that appear to presuppose or be equivalent to some version of psychological egoism. He says, for example, that â€Å"men in general †¦ are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours,† but their â€Å"love is held by a chain of obligationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli832 Words   |  4 Pageswas of the view that politics has the morality of its own, and that there is no repute of justice or injustice, of brutality or forgiveness, of agreement or dishonor, which should interfere with the decision of defending the state and preserving its freedom. The Prince was written as a letter of personal advice to Lorenzo Medici. He has made numerous recommendations to the ruler in instruction to protect his power (Jaco bs). Apart from this, he underscored the ideology of human nature, which accordingRead MoreComparing Nicolo Machiavelli s The Prince1014 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the human race is incredibly diverse and expansive, many writers and philosophers work to find common characteristics that they can attribute to what is typically referred to as human nature. Nicolo Machiavelli provides his beliefs on human nature in his text, The Prince. While this work mostly surrounds the proper way to lead a princedom, there are many parts of the text that show how human nature affects the way a prince should rule his people. The examples of princes having to work aroundRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1699 Words   |  7 Pagesworld leaders to political antiheroes in television dramas, characterizing someone as a â€Å"Machiavellian figure† is perceived more as derisive description than an accurate representation of that person’s philosophical views of power. This popular dep iction is due to Niccolo Machiavelli’s harsh portrayal of the interlaced relationship between power and politics in his treatise, The Prince. Machiavelli begins his work by contending that it is â€Å"more effective† to reveal the â€Å"practical truth of a subject†Read MoreNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince810 Words   |  3 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli’s most famous book, The Prince, contains the most valid information for a prince, a president, and even a king, to keep hold of their own power. Machiavelli tells about the importance and power of political action, his opinions, and most of all philosophy at it’s finest. Throughout the twenty-six chapters of this book he describes the bold, brave, practical, and powerful prince and how the prince’s life should be lived. Machiavelli’s view of human nature is used as justificationRead More Machiavelli?s View Of Human Nature Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pages Machiavelli’s view of human nature. Machiavelli has long been required reading for everyone intrested in politics and power. In The Prince Niccolo M achiavelli presents a unique view on governing a state. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the only authority that should determine every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. (Machiavelli,5). His understandingRead MoreThe Political Theories Of Machiavelli, Niccolo Machiavelli And Thomas Hobbes1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent views of human nature, which is what people are fundamentally like. In order for a political theory to function in a certain society, it needs to understand how people think and act. Three prominent political theorists were Aristotle, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. Aristotle viewed humans as natural â€Å"political animals† that have both rational and irrational sides to them, allowing for a government that provided overall goodness for the people. Machiavelli took a more grim view of humanRead MoreEssay about Reflection on Machiavelli919 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy. Florence was considered one of the most dominant Italian power to conquer. It was the main attraction for the renaissances influences. Throughout the years, Machiavellis presence was around the time that both the French and Spanish armies were fighting over the control of Italy. During this time, Italy was falling apart because it was deficient in leadership. Machiavelli served 14 years as Chancellor of Florence before he was exiled inRead MoreMachiavelli s A Comparison Of Ideals748 Words   |  3 Pagesthe basis of sovereignty. All things considered, government is still a very broad term. Many have spent years philosophizing the different ways the system of government can function as. Two men, specifically, have thought quite a bit about power, human nature, and the ideal way of governing.   Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophy in  The Social Contract speaks often of freedom. Some of his popular ideas are the general will that expresses the need for said freedom. Government’s creation was for

Using the Subjunctive Past in German

Most of the time, teachers and textbooks manage to make the subjunctive mood (der Konjunktiv) more complicated than it needs to be. The subjunctive can be confusing, but it doesnt have to be. Early on, every beginning student of German learns this common Subjunctive II verb form: mà ¶chte (would like), as in Ich mà ¶chte einen Kaffee. (Id like a [cup of] coffee.) This is an illustration of a subjunctive verb form learned as vocabulary. No complicated rules to learn, just an easily memorized vocabulary phrase. Much of the subjunctive can be handled this way, without worrying about complex rules or formulas. Past Subjunctive Why is it, if you ask a native speaker of German to explain the use of the subjunctive, he or she will most likely (a) not know what the subjunctive is, and/or (b) not be able to explain it to you? This, despite the fact that this same German (or Austrian or Swiss) can and does use the subjunctive all the time — and if you had grown up speaking German, you could, too. What Is the Subjunctive II? The past subjunctive is a verb mood used to express uncertainty, doubt, or a contrary-to-reality condition. It is also frequently utilized to reflect politeness and good manners — an excellent reason to know the subjunctive. The subjunctive is not a verb tense; it is a mood that can be used in various tenses. The past subjunctive (another name for the Subjunctive II) gets its name from the fact that its forms are based on the past tense. The Subjunctive I is called the present subjunctive because it is based on the present tense. But dont let those terms confuse you: the subjunctive is not a verb tense. The opposite of the subjunctive is the indicative. Most sentences that we utter — in English or German — indicate a statement of fact, something that is real, as in Ich habe kein Geld. The subjunctive does the opposite. It tells the listener that something is contrary to reality or conditional, as in Hà ¤tte ich das Geld, wà ¼rde ich nach Europa fahren. (Had I the money, I would travel to Europe.) The implication is clearly, I dont have the money and Im not going to Europe. (indicative). One problem for English-speakers trying to learn the Konjunktiv is that in English the subjunctive has practically died out — only a few vestiges remain. We still say, If I were you, I wouldnt do that. (But Im not you.) It sounds incorrect to say, If I was you... A statement such as If I had the money (I dont expect to have it) is different from When I have the money (its likely I will have it). Both were and had (past tense) are English subjunctive forms in the two examples above. But in German, despite some setbacks, the subjunctive is very much alive and well. Its use is important for conveying the idea of conditional or uncertain situations. This is usually expressed in German by what is known as the Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II), sometimes called the past or imperfect subjunctive — because it is based on the imperfect tense forms of verbs. Now, lets get down to business. What follows is not an attempt to cover all aspects of the Konjunktiv II but rather a review of the more important aspects. Here are some examples of how the Subjunctive II can be used in German. The Konjunktiv II is used in the following situations: As if, contrary to reality (als ob, als wenn, als, wenn)Er gibt Geld aus, als ob er Millionà ¤r wà ¤re.He spends money as if he were a millionaire.​Request, obligation (being polite!) — usually with modals (i.e., kà ¶nnen, sollen, etc.)Kà ¶nntest du mir dein Buch borgen?Could you lend me your book?​Doubt or uncertainty (often preceded by ob or dass)Wir glauben nicht, dass man diese Prozedur genehmigen wà ¼rde.We dont believe that they would allow this procedure.​Wishes, wishful thinking (usually with intensifying words like nur or doch - and conditional sentences)Hà ¤tten Sie mich nur angerufen! (wishful)If you had only called me!Wenn ich Zeit hà ¤tte, wà ¼rde ich ihn besuchen. (conditional)If I had time, Id visit him.​Replacement for Subjunctive I (when the Subjunctive I form and the indictative form are identical)Sie sagten sie hà ¤tten ihn gesehen.They said they had seen him. The last two lines in the traditional German song, Mein Hut, are subjunctive (conditional): Mein Hut, der hat drei Ecken,Drei Ecken hat mein Hut,Und hà ¤tt er nicht drei Ecken,dann wà ¤r er nicht mein Hut. My hat, it has three corners,Three corners has my hat,And had it not three corners, (if it didnt have...)then were it not my hat. (...wouldnt be my hat)

Pro-Gun Rights Essay - 2086 Words

â€Å"Shall Not Be Infringed† â€Å"When Governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny.† (Beck 35). This quote is from one of the greatest men in the history of the United States of America, Thomas Jefferson, the father of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States. The validity of his statement is not only historical, but as pertinent today as it was when spoken anew. It is learned in schools across the nation, although the importance of the words depends on the teacher, school, and region of the country. During the revolutionary period, King George learned this same concept the hard way, â€Å"†¦an armed populace is a populace that will not be pushed around.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Investigating all ten of the amendments to the Bill of Rights, only the second specifically ensures that this be expected. The only true power that the people of a nation can have over their government is the ability t o remove it if it becomes more powerful than the people. This is a belief that is continuously defended or confronted around the world and throughout history. Unfortunately, when the people have an army standing between them and the government, the means to fight become very important, albeit difficult. The federal government of the United States, when they attempt to create laws on gun control, does not have the law on their side. Thanks to the founding fathers of the United States, this right is ensured through time. They understood that any form of government can become corrupt and eventually the people will need a legal way to ensure that they can take back their personal liberties if it becomes necessary. In the period of time before the United States became the young country it is today, in order to secure and protect established borders, the colonists were in need of the assistance of the standing army of King George, the British Red Coats. As soon as the colonists decided to revolt excessive taxation and other mandates being imposed on towns and states,Show MoreRelatedA Pro Gun Rights Activist1621 Words   |  7 PagesOn the 8th of March 2016 Jamie Gilt, a pro-guns rights activist was shot in the back by her four year old child. She had previously developed an online presence where she claimed that guns were not only safe around children but absolutely necessary for their protection. She argued with commentators on her Facebook page ‘Jamie Gilt for Gun Sense’ that children should be taught to use guns and the day earlier posted â€Å"Even my 4 year old gets jacked up to target shoot with the .22†. She had left a loadedRead MorePro Gun Control Debate: Our Right to Safety Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesPro Gun Control Debate: Our Right to Safety Many arguments for and against gun control in our country revolve around the second amendment. Unfortunately the majority of those arguments are based on an individual’s perception of what the second amendment means. The second amendment was adopted into the United States Bill of Rights in 1791, which was 222 years ago. The second amendment states, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of free State, the right of the people to keepRead MoreEvolution of Gun Culture in America933 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern and contemporary culture is a rapidly changing trend, whereas the deeper culture of political values and beliefs change more slowly. This is the case with what is termed as the gun culture in the United States of America. The gun culture in America is predominantly divided into the ‘pro-gun right group’ and the ‘pro-gun control group’. These two groups contend against each other for social and political resources, and thi s is struggle that is infamous in the contemporary American culture. Each groupRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1407 Words   |  6 Pagesno exact definition of mass shootings, but most sources believe it is when four or more people are shot in one location. Citizens in America are easily able to obtain a gun and the growing issue is whether this should change and stronger laws in place. Although citizens believe gun control laws take away second amendment and right to protect themselves, mass shootings are increasing yearly and action needs to happen to prevent the next attack. America’s at a high with the country beingRead MoreGun Control Is Needed1472 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control Is Needed Regulation of guns is a necessary action that needs to be taken in order to save lives. A good definition of gun control is needed to understand the sides and issues. Gun control is an effort to stop the rise in violent crime by strengthening laws on the ownership of firearms. Persons in the group against gun control believe that gun control is wrong, and that it is a violation of constitutional rights. Those in favor of gun control believe that gun control is goodRead MoreGuns, Ammunition And Its Negative Effects On Society944 Words   |  4 PagesIssue Question: can the availability of guns, ammunition and its negative effects on society be a thing of the past? Claim: An analysis of the United State gun culture reveals their negative effects on society. Thesis paragraph: In the wake of recent killings and mass shooting in sandy hook and other locations across the country and communities, there has been public cries for the need for stricter gun laws and regulations. Gun violence has become a major problem facing the country. Day inRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of gun control has become very popular in recent years as there is now more controversy than ever about the role that guns play in today’s world. I have come to be interested in this topic because it seems like not a day goes by anymore where there isn’t a newspaper published with an article slandering either the pro or anti gun control activists. Going into this topic, I was assuming that I would end up reading about a lot of school shootings and how it is just guns that are causingRead MoreDemocrats Vs. Republicans 20161324 Words   |  6 Pagesthings you might disagree with but they might have things you like, yo u should vote on the one you think is the lesser of two evils based on them and not a bias opinion. I took the time to find where they stand on three topics, immigrants, abortion, and guns. There are many more issues that they stand, I just want to give you a general idea so you can vote when you’re educated on the topic. Here are the candidates and where each individual stands. Hillary Clinton is a democrat. She want to make it soRead MoreThe Battle Of Gun Control847 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control  refers to laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms in order to  control  crime and reduce the harmful effects of violence. (http://definitions.uslegal.com/g/gun-control/) US Legal Definitions. The gun control debates and issues started hundreds of years ago. First, in 1873 the State of Georgia passed a law to ban handguns and this law was thrown out, because it was ruled unconstitutional. Second, in 1865 several SouthernRead MoreGun Rights And Gun Control1405 Words   |  6 PagesGuns right now in the nation of the United States of America are at the center of a heated debate on how they should be handled. With Civilians and politicians alike arguing over how they should be regulated we have many arguments for the pros and cons of both sides. Gun control is now one of the most talked about subject in the country due to the vast amount of mass murders and school shootings that have been taken place in recent years. However, even with all this gun violence taken place it seems

Curfew Law in Arizona free essay sample

Many cities in the state of Arizona have put a curfew on all kids. Kids under the age of 16 cannot be out unsupervised between 10 pm and 5 am. Kids 16-18 cannot be out during 12 am to 5 am. Our country is a free country and allows parents to control their own kids how they choose. Who is to tell a parent how to raise their kid? The government should not be allowed to bully parents and give them rules for their own kids. These curfews are not allowing parents to control their kids to their liking. Many people feel curfews hurt teens rights, are unconstitutional and ineffective. Studies show that curfew do not lower the crimes that teenagers commit. Curfews hamper the teen’s right for free speech by not letting them congregate at certain hours. They go against what America was built for religious, political and economic freedom for all. . The 1st amendment states the right of the people peaceably to assemble. This amendment is broken by having a curfew. Many people believe curfews stop the crime rate in juveniles. However if a teenager is going to break laws what is to stop them from breaking the curfew law along with it? A curfew does nothing but restrict law-abiding citizens. The curfew law is the easiest law for teens to break, on purpose or on accident. Sometimes things such as car accidents happen, causing traffic. This later causes a teen to be late for curfew, and are caught and charged as juveniles for something that was not even their fault. Curfews are just setting teens up to be charged as juvenile delinquents. Anything that can be done during curfew can be done after and before curfew. This law is just keeping teens away for a few hours until curfew is up and they go do drugs, drink, etc†¦ Thus there is no point to a curfew. When a child is at home during curfew they will become bored and try and figure out ways to be entertained. Some may include breaking curfew or getting high or drunk. The more teens are bored the more they think of breaking curfew. Youth are criminalized by such laws simply for being outside of their houses. In effect, this makes the house function as a prison. A study conducted on behalf of the U. S. Department of Justice found that curfew laws did not lead to a reduction in the amount of youth victimized during any hours. Limiting the freedom of mobility of an entire subset of people based on incorrect assumptions, this is unacceptable. A fine of 50 dollars has been put in place for breaking of curfew. Is this really going to pay for the extra patrol cars out during curfew? Is our cities money going to the right place? Why are we paying more money just to trap our teens in their house between certain hours? Curfews waste tax payers money. Our parents have to pay for polices overtime salary. How many police officers actually catch juveniles past curfew? Its not just the money either, our police have better things to do than driving around catching teenagers out past curfew. DUIs are huge now a day and should be put first before curfew for teens. How many DUIs have been happening without getting caught due to the police placing their attention elsewhere. Curfews may cause some teens to return home in time for curfew but then later sneak out without their parents knowing, which is worse than staying out past curfew because if something happens the parents have no idea where their child is. As a parent would you rather have your kid out all night knowing where he/she is or sneak out and find out that 3 teens were killed on the news and have no idea if it was your child. Gangs are associated with teens all the time now a days. Gang violence will not be stopped by having a curfew. Most gang activity is during curfew. If a teen joins a gang then they are going to break curfew thus not changing anything in gang related violence. Teenagers in this day and age are constantly stressed and overwhelmed by school. hey get home at 3:30 or later if participating in after school activities. Then they do homework for 1-3 hours. So by the time a teen can relax its already 6 or later. How are a couple of hours of free time out of the house going to give a teen time to distress and relax? A stressed teen is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode. It may explode in many different ways such as violence, suicide or breaking curfew. If a curfew is not put in place many students will have th e time to distress and turn the timer off. These statistics are based on violent crimes in a non-curfew city. Most crimes are committed immediately after school not during the hours that some cities have a curfew. On non-school days the most violent crimes are committed between 6 pm and 9 pm. The crime rate is up when curfew is not on. If crime rates are down during the hours curfews are put in, then what is the point having a curfew? The Justice Policy Institute looked at the effect of curfews in several California cities and concluded that the curfews which have gained widespread popularity around the country in recent years are more of a public relations tool than a crime-fighting tool. Even though curfew arrests of young people in California rose from 5,400 in 1989 to 21,200 in 1996, the JPI found that there was no corresponding decrease in youth crime rates. The researcher concluded that this was true for any race of youth, for any region, for any type of crime. The reading of crime reports show that teen crime rate went up 53% during the school year, but dropped during the summer when suspended. When the curfew was suspended the crime rate dropped! So the curfew did the exact opposite it was meant to do. Where is the point in having a law that makes crime increase? Criminalizing harmless behavior to prevent crime has long been the norm particularly for young people, despite often, dubious evidence of its effectiveness. Many times people assume obvious correlations exist between youth behavior and social problems and remove their constitutional rights with the very minimal, or almost no evidence it is necessary. The most blatant example of this is the use of curfew laws. Not every teen is a law breaker. Some teens are law abiding citizens. You cannot judge teens based on the few bad ones. Placing a curfew just makes one more law for the juveniles to break and one more for the law a biding to follow and obey. It’s not fair and is unequal. If a curfew is put in place it should be put in place for already juvenile delinquents but not for the law abiding. Use graph†¦. the peak of this graph is at 3 pm on school days which is when our school is released. And if you know anything about our school this is when the crime rates are at its high for our students at cchs. On non-school days the rate only goes higher than school days when most kids are asleep for school the next morning. This would make sense but as soon kids usually start waking up, around 6, school days wins again. Parents rights to parenting their kids their way is taken away by a city curfew. Curfews hurt the right to free speech by not allowing them to conjugate during certain hours. The first amendment is broken because the right for the people to peaceably assemble is not given to teens when a curfew is in place. Cities without curfew have fewer crimes during the times curfews are put in place in other cities. Crime rates have increased or stayed the same with a curfew in place. Our tax payers’ money is being wasted on paying police men vertime to patrol at night to find teens breaking the curfew law. The curfew law is just another law for juveniles to break and for law abiders to obey. It is only restricting those who are loyal to the law and given teenage attitudes, it’s just another way for kids to try and act cool. In America no religion is rejected and there are new religions popping up everywhere, this law could interfere with religious holidays and celebrations. Also it has been proven that age does not determine mental capacity and whether or not kids should be allowed out past a curtain time shouldn’t be determined by their age.

Critical Review of Two Research Articles

Summary Askehave, A. (2007). The impact of marketization on higher education genres – the international student prospectus as a case in point. Discourse Studies, 9(6), 723-742 (qualitative method).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Critical Review of Two Research Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketization changes the nature and prospects of higher education. Askenave (2007) suggests that marketization in education means that running schools adopt market practices, which influence and change the nature of discursive practices. The goal of the study is to evaluate the extent to which marketization of education affect discursive practices. Using the principles of genre and Critical Discourse Analysis, Askenave (2007) analyzes the international student prospectus and the extent, to which it reflects free market values. First, the author compares the genres and discursive practices in the intern ational student prospectus from four different countries – Australia, Finland, Japan, and Scotland. Second, Askenave (2007) uses the international student prospectus from the University of Sterling and analyzes its language. The results of Askenave’s (2007) analysis are not surprising. First, the international student prospectus imitates the language and discursive practices of market advertising (Askenave, 2007). Second, higher education facilities use the international student prospectus to promote themselves as the sources of unique experiences and innovative practices for clients (Askenave, 2007). Universities turn into consumer-driven organizations that do not set any standards and do not ask anything in return (Askenave, 2007). Given that language and social practices are mutually dependent, the use of promotional language in the international student prospectus may change the long-term nature and professional position of higher education institutions, which will hardly be beneficial for either students or staff (Askenave, 2007).Advertising Looking for term paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cheung, M. (2008). ‘Click here’: The impact of new media on the encoding of persuasive messages in direct marketing. Discourse Studies, 10(2), 161-189 (quantitative method). The Internet is gradually becoming the principal mode of communication in organizational and business environments. Therefore, the influence of the Internet on persuasive messages and marketing communication needs to be reviewed. Cheung (2008) examines the impact of the Internet on how persuasive messages in sales letters are encoded. Cheung (2008) analyzes â€Å"the extent to which the use of new media influences the overall interactional or social strategy or credibility enhancement and persuasion in the context of sales promotion† (p.161). The author uses genre analysis to examine pers uasive messages in 160 sales letters (80 prints and 80 emails) that were randomly selected from a large database over a six-month period. Cheung (2008) uses the Lingual-Belief Interaction Model as the basic conceptual framework. Cheung (2008) concludes that texts written for one and the same communicative purpose (e.g. persuasion) display considerable similarities in the discourse structure. Simultaneously, the new media affects the ways in which persuasive messages in sales letters are encoded. First, any act of persuasion always involves the concepts of text, context, and belief; a persuasive message cannot be successful, unless viewers make a favorable correlation between what they see in the text and what is true in the context (Cheung, 2008). Second, new media change the structure and presentation of the sales discourse, which is no longer formulaic or standardized (Cheung, 2008). Users of new media must organize persuasive messages in ways that make key information visible (Ch eung, 2008). New media add dynamism and interactivity to the existing sales discourse strategies (Cheung, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Critical Review of Two Research Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method Askenave (2007) describes the research method as the genre analysis of text organization and rhetorical moves, which is followed by an in-depth examination of the most important rhetorical features of the student prospectus borrowed from the University of Sterling. The researcher writes that the genre of international student prospectuses received little professional attention and needs to be examined in more detail (Askenave, 2007). Askenave (2007) writes that, for the purpose of the study, she intends to compare four instances of the international student prospectuses in terms of genre consistency and rhetorical moves. Askenave (2007) further performs an in-depth analysis of the rhet orical features and moves in one specific international student prospectus. The researcher does not involve any human participants but provides a detailed description of the international student prospectuses and their genres. The context plays a crucial role in the analysis of student prospectuses, because Askenave (2007) reconsiders genres, text organization, and rhetoric in the context of marketization of higher education practices. International student prospectuses were the only materials used in the research, and a brief analysis of the procedures followed in the conducting of the study was performed. According to Askenave (2007), Swalesian genre theory was the point of departure in the study. The author defines the key criteria (rhetorical moves) of the scientific analysis but does not explain the procedures used in the examination of the four student prospectuses. Askenave (2007) considers how lay-out and images, lexico-grammar and move structure work together to assign iden tities and relations to the university and its students. The author does not acknowledge any ethical difficulties and does not cite anyone in the methodology and analysis section. The researcher provides little detail and makes the task of replicating the study virtually unachievable. The method answers all research questions, and there is no triangulation of the findings. The four prospectuses are used in a cross-cultural genre analysis, but the criteria by which the author chooses the four prospectuses are unclear. Therefore, the risks of selectivity bias are very high (Patton, 2002).Advertising Looking for term paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study is well designed but the gaps are obvious: Askenave (2007) should have been more detailed in her discussion of the study design, to facilitate its replication. Also, the method of the study lacks empirical justification, which may be due to the lack of previous findings in the context of international student prospectus analysis. Cheung’s (2008) approach is similar to the one used by Askenave (2007): the author performs genre and rhetorical moves’ analysis of persuasive messages in sales letters. Cheung (2008) assumes that printed sales letters and sales emails belong to one and the same genre, given the similarities in their social function and communicative purpose. In explaining the study approach, the author extensively relies on theoretical and empirical literature relating to genre analysis, including the works of Upton and Connor (2001), Bhatia (2001), and Swales (1990). The author includes the list of the rhetorical moves but does not discuss any spec ific procedures to be followed in the study. Cheung (2008) uses quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The context plays a very important role: the study is situated in Hong Kong, which serves the gateway and portal for international business in Asia (Cheung, 2008). However, that the study is situated in Hong Kong may limit the reliability and generalizability of the research results, since they may not easily transferable to other cultural and generic contexts. The study participants are specialist informants from 10 different companies (Cheung, 2008). At the time of the study, all informants were responsible for marketing and sales communication in their companies (Cheung, 2008). The choice of the respondents was justified by the fact that they could share some information about the target viewers for their sales texts (Cheung, 2008). The author describes the criteria used to select the texts and provides a detailed description of the data collection and analysis pr ocedures. Unfortunately, how Cheung (2008) develops the list of rhetorical moves to be used in the study remains unclear. Nevertheless, the study is easy to replicate and the method answers the research questions. Cheung (2008) describes the data analysis procedure in detail. Cheung (2008) does not discuss any ethical considerations and concerns, and there is no triangulation of the findings. The study is well designed but the lack of ethical details is one of its major limitations. The study involves human participants, who need the fullest information about the study, its goal and expected outcomes. However, Cheung (2008) does not mention the importance of informed consent, which makes the results of the study less convincing. Cheung (2008) writes that the subjects could provide valuable information about their experiences of working with sales texts. Surprisingly or not, no information regarding ethical considerations or informed consent is included. Cheung (2008) actually suppor ts a thesis that there is a serious gap within ethical practices in applied linguistics research (Fox et al, 2006). Article Critique Language is an ever changing phenomenon. The rationale for Askenave’s (2007) study is clear: marketization imposes new demands on higher education institutions and changes their professional and educational roles. Consequentially, higher education institutions, and universities in particular, borrow and adopt free market practices to meet their needs (Askenave, 2007). The researcher justifies the study by the need to explore the influences of marketization on the discursive practices in higher education. It should be noted, that no comprehensive theoretical framework was used to support the analysis. This is, probably, because the concept and phenomenon of marketization is relatively new. Askenave (2007) provides a brief insight into previous research of the international student prospectus as a genre which, according to the author, is very spor adic and scarce. Askenave (2007) uses Swalesian genre theory, which treats genre as a set of shared communicative practices and explains the ways in which particular genres can unfold. What research questions Askenave (2007) seeks to answer is difficult to define. Generally, any study or research project is designed to define problems and provide solutions or strategies that could be effective in helping to solve those problems (Patton, 2002). However, no effective interventions can be developed, unless research questions are clear. Askenave (2007) suggests that her analysis is a relevant contribution to the debate regarding the changes in higher education practices under the influence of marketization. The research findings contribute to the current knowledge of the international student prospectus as a genre. Yet, Askenave (2007) should have been more specific and detailed in the development of the research goals, questions, and/ or hypotheses. The article is well-structured. The second part of Askenave’s (2007) article is a case study of the international student prospectus from the University of Sterling in Scotland. According to Perry (2002), case studies are frequently used in applied linguistics research and can shed light on complex linguistic phenomena. Unfortunately, Askenave (2007) provides little information about the methodology. As a result, replicating Askenave’s study is virtually impossible. Simultaneously, the thoroughness of the author’s analysis cannot be overstated. Askenave (2007) describes the process and results of the genre analysis in detail. This is particularly the case of the international student prospectus from the University of Sterling, which covers most of the article. Askenave (2007) performs examines the prospectus’s lay-out and design; move structure in the Sterling prospectus is analyzed; the author analyzes its lexical and grammatical structures and experiential meanings. The latter, according to the researcher, play a crucial role in the analysis of the international student prospectus as a genre. The lack of the ethical angle is one of the main gaps in Askenave’s (2007) research. Failure to obtain informed consent is essentially the same as failure to adopt a ‘participant-centered perspective’ (Fox et al, 2006). The author explores multiple modes and phenomena, creating a multifaceted but confusing picture of the international student prospectus and its generic features. Finally, it is not clear what criteria the author used when choosing the four international student prospectuses for a cross-cultural genre examination. The research findings contribute to the existing knowledge of the international student prospectus but leave many questions unanswered. The future research must concentrate on the development of effective measures of validity and reliability in applied linguistics studies. The overall opinion about the article is dubious. On the one hand, the study can serve the starting point in the analysis of the international student prospectus and the changes, which the genre undergoes under the influence of marketization in higher education. The topic is extremely interesting and valid, since more universities want to borrow free market practices from the corporate world and consumer-driven organizations. On the other hand, the study points out the major inconsistencies and pitfalls in applied linguistics studies. Selectivity bias reduces the validity and reliability of the findings, because the criteria for choosing the target texts are unclear. The author does not try to operationalize or standardize the research findings (Patton, 2002). No consideration is given to internal and external validity threats. Whether or not the results of the study can be successfully generalized to other international student prospectuses is unclear. Askenave (2007) does not report any research limitations and, therefore, leaves little roo m for methodological improvements. These problems warrant the need for further research into the international student prospectus and its generic characteristics. These gaps and inconsistencies are also justified by the fact that the current state of literature about the international student prospectus is relatively scarce (Askenave, 2007). Therefore, the best method of the student prospectus analysis is yet to be discovered. The article is just another attempt to shed light on a complex linguistic phenomenon. Unlike Askenave (2007), the methods and results of Cheung’s (2008) study produce a solid scientific impression. One reason for this is that Cheung (2008) employs quantitative methodology, which creates a picture of reliability and validity. Quantitative methods of research, particularly in applied linguistics, are believed to be more reliable and easily generalizable, compared with the qualitative methods of analysis (Davies Elder, 2005). Davies and Elder (2005) sugge st that qualitative studies in applied linguistics are associated with uncontrollable observations and are difficult to generalize to larger populations. Certainly, not all qualitative studies are as bad and unprofessional as Davies and Elder (2005) describe them. However, that most quantitative studies lack subjectivity and provide relevant statistical information cannot be denied. Cheung’s (2008) study demonstrates numerous advantages but, unfortunately, is not without limitations. First and foremost, Cheung (2008) clearly articulates the purpose of study and the main research questions. According to Cheung (2008), the study attempts to examine the differences and similarities between discourse structures in the two corpora. Cheung (2008) tries to relate these differences and similarities to broader, generic considerations. In this study, Cheung (2008) attempts to answer two research questions: what is the impact of new media on the encoding of persuasive messages in sales emails?; how does the use of new media influence the overall interactional or social strategy or credibility enhancement and persuasion in the context of sales promotion? (p.163) The research questions and study goals are clear and easy to understand. The method helps to answer these research questions. Cheung (2008) is extremely detailed in the discussion of methods and their relations to the research questions and objectives. Cheung’s study is beneficial and interesting in the sense that it provides a detailed discussion of the conceptual framework and clearly states the criteria for choosing sales letters and subjects. According to Cheung (2008), there was no limit set for the text length; furthermore, all letters had to exhibit the features of being a unified textual whole; finally, the researcher selected sales and promotion texts that were presented through one of the two methods – either solely through written text or written text supported by graphical illustra tions (Cheung, 2008). In this way, Cheung (2008) created conditions needed to replicate the study in a different cultural context. In many instances, the research methodology in Cheung’s (2008) study is similar to that in Askenave (2007). Like Askenave (2007), Cheung (2008) applies to genre moves, which often serve the main strategic elements of rhetorical analysis. However, unlike Askenave (2007), Cheung (2008) creates a clearer theoretical picture of the rhetorical moves and their implications for linguistic research. Cheung (2008) performs a detailed literature review and evaluates the current theoretical basis. As a result, the author prepares the reader for understanding the theoretical framework, the basic concepts, the results of the study, and their implications for the future research. The research is detailed and well-organized. All information is presented in a comprehensive and coherent manner. The format of the article follows the basic conventions of scholarly w riting, with an introduction, a detailed observation of the conceptual frameworks, theoretical underpinnings, methodology, and results. Unfortunately, neither Askenave (2007) nor Cheung (2008) provides recommendations for the future research. As a result, both studies look static. They do not fit in the continuity of linguistic changes and their relationship to social practices. The lack of an ethical dimension is a common problem in both articles. The absence of ethical concerns in Askenave (2007) is quite understandable, since the author does not involve any human subjects. By contrast, Cheung (2008) conducts interviews with 16 corporate specialists, all of them being either directors or managers in marketing and sales. Another problem is in that the study involved sales and promotional texts coming from 117 companies situated in Hong Kong (Cheung, 2008). Given the specificity of the Korean and Chinese cultural environments, the study results may not be generalizable to other cult ural contexts. Therefore, the future research must examine the generic features and rhetorical moves in sales and promotional texts in other countries/ cultures. Cheung (2008) does not provide any ideas for the future research, although the author’s contribution to the future study of applied linguistics could be of value. The article produces a dubious impression. On the one hand, the study is extremely interesting and unique. The analysis of the rhetorical moves in sales and promotional texts helps to understand how the emergence of new media re-shapes the discursive landscape in organizational and marketing communications. On the other hand, the lack of the ethical dimension and directions for the future research create a vision of incompleteness. The study lacks dynamism, implying that research into applied linguistics is static by nature. When Cheung (2008) concludes that â€Å"a sales discourse is still a sales discourse† (p.184), the study ceases to be a relevan t contribution to language dynamics but turns into a body of information that is separated from the rest of applied linguistics research. Conclusion One question that bothers readers in both studies is how to use their results in practical contexts. There is a persistent impression that both studies produce knowledge for the sake of knowledge – the researchers try to understand how the linguistic world operates and explain various linguistic phenomena (Patton, 2002). Simultaneously, the questions and phenomena under research can hardly be called â€Å"basic†, since the use of language in international student prospectuses (Askenave, 2007) and sales and promotional texts in Hong Kong’s companies (Cheung, 2008) are serious practical problems. Again, the static nature of both studies is too obvious to ignore. Both researchers explore complex linguistic phenomena but do not provide any practical suggestions. How to use their findings to improve discursive practices remains unclear. The researchers explore the concepts and phenomena in a limited space and time but do not link them to broader linguistic contexts. Their studies resemble a one-time practice which has little or nothing to do with the future science. Language is a highly dynamic concept. New media, language and cultural forms cause profound shifts in language practices; the latter, in turn, change the meaning and scope of various social practices. The reciprocal link between language and social practice has been abundantly established (Askenave, 2007). Unfortunately, not all researchers can reconsider their findings in practical terms. Askenave (2007) and Cheung (2008) make an invaluable contribution to applied linguistics research, but the future research must validate their findings in new cultural and media contexts. References Askenave, I. (2007). The impact of marketization on higher education genres – the international student prospectus as a case in point. Discourse St udies, 9(6), 723-742. Cheung, M. (2008). ‘Click here’: The impact of new media on the encoding of persuasive messages in direct marketing. Discourse Studies, 10(2), 161-189. Davies, A. Elder, C. (2005). The handbook of applied linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. Fox, J., Artemeva, N., Darville, R. Woods, D. (2006). Juggling through hoops: Implementing ethics policies in applied language studies. Journal of Academic Ethics, 4, 77-99. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. NY: SAGE. Perry, FL. (2002). Research in applied linguistics. NY: Taylor Francis. This term paper on Critical Review of Two Research Articles was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays On May 16, 1855, a train owned by the South Eastern Railway, traveling from London to Folkestone, the perfect crime took place. A group of four men succeeded in robbing the train of 12,000 of gold, weighing two hundred pounds, while it was being transported from London, England to Boulogne, France. The plan was in development for many years by two career criminals, Edward Agar and William Pierce. When the two men first discussed the possibility of robbing the train, they decided it was too risky. Yet, neither man could dismiss the idea of the heist. Later, at a chance meeting by Pierce and Agar, the heist was revisited and the two agreed that it would be possible if they could obtain copies of the safe keys. Realizing they needed help, they recruited two employees of the railroad, James Burgess, a guard, and William George Tester, a clerk. The execution of the crime was near perfect and they were successful in the heist. No arrests were made at the time. Edward Agar was late r arrested for check fraud. During Agars incarceration, Pierce reluctantly promised to take care of Agars son and the childs mother, Fanny Kay, but did not honor the promise. Upon hearing this, Agar turned witness against Pierce, Burgess and Tester. If not for one broken promise, all involved would have remained at large, save for Edward Agar. The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 was the most brilliant crime to date, and would have remained unsolved but for a broken promise. In the late 1840s, William Pierce was working as ticket printer for the South Eastern Railway when he met Edward Agar (Yousof). Both men had committed many petty crimes before they met. In conversation, Edward expressed curiosity about the security and procedures surrounding the transport of gold. Pierce explained to him how the gold shipments were sent. Due to a failed robbery attempt on the Great Western Railway, new heightened security measures were implem...

Development, experience and completition of distance learning course Essay

Development, experience and completition of distance learning course - Essay Example Distance learning broadens ones capacity of thought and it helps one to have the zeal to find out knowledge and meet concepts individually. Throughout this program, knowledge gained was through observation, experimentations, research, and experimentations. For application of knowledge, one had to be keen on observation to ascertain the truth value of existing knowledge because not all knowledge is necessarily. Observation was of great help since they aided one to have a clear insight of the real world in relation to the theoretical knowledge. There was also a broader experimentation of various phenomena. The experimentation method helped one to be sure and to prove true or disapprove the hypothesis that were covered the common knowledge. This also helps in distinguishing fallacies and general knowledge which have not been verified. In most cases, one had to conduct research to find out the cause and effects of certain phenomena so as to come up with effective conclusions and deductio n. Also, experiences that one gained from interacting with various issues and challenges also helped one to unlearn the previous knowledge and to learn new ones. All these experiences and concepts defined one journey of learning throughout the entire period of the distance learning program. Throughout this period, ones performance was not good throughout. At some point the performance was good and at other times, the performance was averagely low but at the end of the entire program the overall performance was marked by distinction. This was because of one’s capability of adapting to the system and one’s ability to adjust to the environment and to the course requirements. There were times when there were courses which required one to carry out laboratory tests and some required one to conduct research. In the event that one was to be at the laboratory to conduct the experiments, it was difficult to make clear observation and to draw the right conclusion as there was no body to offer explanation to what was going on. Research that needed one to go to the community to find out the aspects of various phenomena also was marked with various challenges. This is because the community was not ready to give proper information and those who did gave irrelevant information that led to an irrelevant conclusion. This impacted negatively on the overall outcome of the result. However, studies which required observation and the critical analysis of books and just the general study of concepts were of great advantage to my performance. It was a great experience to read through books and to learn new concepts that were brought forth. These conceptions helped in dealing with the fallacies and the misconception that the society has had for a long time. The tangibility of the knowledge gained through literature enabled one to be a student of high aptitude and acuity of performance. For learning to be effective, it has to be maintained, retained, and one has to continu e with the search of knowledge. To enable one achieve these, one has to study widely. It is through study that one’s knowledge and concepts get challenged. Wide reading helps one to have different perspectives and approached towards something. This gives one the authority to speak on an issue from an open minded view. Wide study also keeps one relevant to the changing times, for example, science keeps on

The Role of Motivation in Project Management Dissertation

The Role of Motivation in Project Management - Dissertation Example Engineering and construction is one of the primary factors of human evolution and therefore, the evolution of the society through construction depends on success of project management. Consequently, project management depends on the ability of the project managers to generate, nurture, and maintain high levels of motivation in all levels of project management. Although motivation on the base level where practical work happens is usually taken as the most fruitful target for motivation, other levels of project management including the highest project managerial levels needs to be equally motivated. The proposed study is overwhelmingly important to the author and the primary focus will be on the role of motivation in success of project management in the construction industry. Much of the insight on role of motivation in project management can be found on authentic books and authoritative internet sources. Different theorists and researchers have exhaustively explored theories of motivation in different aspects. Various definitions of motivation theories will be explored in the light of motivation and its influence on success of project management. However, only motivational aspects relating to motivation in construction industry will be discussed. ... Objectives 1. To make a profound research on literature discussing the field of motivation and correlate the information that will be obtained to success in project management in the construction industry. Key areas of consideration to achieve the above objective will include a) Theories of motivation b) Motivation factors c) Motivation as it applies to project teams d) Project management and teams 2. To ascertain the role of motivation in project management by looking at practical case studies. Key areas to be considered are a) How the project was carried out b) Motivation issues within the case study c) How the motivation issue was addressed d) Outcome of the motivation in relation to success or failure of the project Hypotheses 1. Motivation has a direct effect on the success of project management initiatives in the construction industry 2. Construction companies that adopt proficient motivation strategies record increased success in their project objectives Purpose of Study Effic ient management of construction projects is increasingly becoming more important as competition in the construction industry increases. The modern world is presenting more challenges for construction industry thereby increasing performance pressure on construction project managers. This increases the need for project managers to increase the output of project teams by any possible means. Since motivation is one of the greatest tools of meeting the objectives of project teams, a clear understanding of the relationship between the two concepts becomes overwhelmingly important. It is therefore, the purpose of this study to make profound investigation into the relationship between motivation and success of project teams with the purposes of shedding

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. 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A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. SERVICES: Xxx is providing its services to companies which are in the field of production, quality control etc with their rich expertise and experience and information technology they are in best position to provide software solutions to distinct business requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The project is fully integrated with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution and developed in a manner that is easily manageable, time saving and relieving one form semi automated. Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of