Compare And Contrast Araby And A P Short Story - 999 Words

A coming of age story is when the protagonist experiences climatic event that leads them to adulthood. The event is usually tough but leads to a realization or epiphany. The short stories â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce both reflect coming of age stories. In the story AP, the narrator, Sammy quits his job to stand up for the three girls wearing â€Å"nothing but their bathing suits†() In the story Araby, the narrator shows himself growing up through discovering his sexuality. In the stories AP and Araby there are strong similarities in the plot and setting, however they are also different in the imagery and figurative language. The setting in â€Å"AP† takes place at a grocery store in the early 1960s in the summertime.†¦show more content†¦The settings in the two stories are similar in the way that they both take place in a small town with a sense of poverty. The adults are portrayed as authoritative and the narrators feel trapped. The plot in â€Å"AP† begins when the three girls who walk into the grocery store wearing their bathing suits. The conflict of the plot is the the girls who walked into the grocery store wearing nothing but their bathing suits. In this time period it was socially unacceptable for girls to walk around showing a lot of skin. The manager, Lengel confronted the girls for dressing inappropriately and because of this Sammy quits his job right after Lengle confronted the girls. Sammy removed his apron and bow tie and walked out of the store. When Sammy gets outside he expects the girls to be waiting for him but they are gone. The plot in â€Å"Araby† starts by the narrator telling the readers how he is obsessed with Mangan’s sister. He says â€Å"Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlour watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen. When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped† (J oyce 331). Mangans sister tells the narrator about the Araby. She tells him that she wants to go but cannot. The narrator decides that he is going to go to the Araby to get his crush a gift. When he gets there most of the stalls are closed and he does not have enough money to buy her anything so he comes home with nothing. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on AP vs. Araby692 Words   |  3 PagesAP vs. Araby John Updike’s AP and James Joyce’s Araby are very similar yet very different in many ways. Each short story has a normal kid with an obsession over a girl. The big difference between Sammy in AP and Jimmy in Araby is just that they were raised differently and have different values. The way Jimmy talks about his fantasy girl is on a more religious level while Sammy in other words is kind of impolite about how he describes the three girls that walk into the market. From the narrator’sRead MoreThe Power of Araby by James Joyce Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pagesall the stories that I was assigned to read, one story in particular stood out to me because of how the author used words to create a vivid image in my mind. The story I’m talking about is â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. James Joyce does a great job creating vivid images in the readers mind and creates a theme that most of us can relate. In this paper I will be discussing five scholarly peer review ed journals that also discusses the use of image and theme that James Joyce created in his short story â€Å"Araby†Read MoreEssay on James Joyces Dubliners1145 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresented with the actual physical paralysis of Father Flynn in â€Å"The Sisters†. In this paper I intend to explore the different paths and contours of these themes in the four stories where I think they are most prevalent ,and which I most enjoyed â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline†, â€Å"The Boarding House†, and â€Å"A Little Cloud†. The story of â€Å"Araby† is that of a young boy probably about the age of adolescence who is having his first crush on his friends sister. Although the boy seems to have no intention of realisticallyRead MoreBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesmodalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories | |Active and Responsive Reading Read MoreEssay on James Joyces Dubliners: Two Gallants2403 Words   |  10 Pages    In Two Gallants, the sixth short story in the Dubliners collection, James Joyce is especially careful and crafty in his opening paragraph. Even the most cursory of readings exposes repetition, alliteration, and a clear structure within just these nine lines. The question remains, though, as to what the beginning of Two Gallants contributes to the meaning and impact of Joyces work, both for the isolated story itself and for Dubliners as a whole. The construction, style, and word choiceRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthat may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fictionRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesdemocratic utopia use of reason history is an act of individual and national self-assertion Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · political pamphlets travel writing highly ornate writing style fiction employs generic plots and characters fiction often tells the story of how an innocent young woman is tested by a seductive male Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · patriotism grows instills pride creates common agreement about issues shows differences between Americans and Europeans Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · tells readers

The Unethical Issues of the Tuskegee Study Essay - 1707 Words

In 1929, there were good intentions to help the African Americans. The Julius Rosenwald Fund tried to improve the health illnesses of African Americans by approaching representatives of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). Unfortunately, the Great Depression did not allow for this study to happen because it hit the Fund hard. Since there were no more funds, Dr. Taliaferro Clark, Chief of the USPHS Venereal Disease Division and author of the Rosenwald Study report, suggested that the treatment study could be partly saved by conducting a new study. This study became known as â€Å"Study of Untreated Syphilis in Males.† The U.S. Public Health Service conducted this new experiment study which consisted of 399 men with syphilis and 201 men†¦show more content†¦Many of the healthcare workers such as doctors strongly believed that there was a racial difference in the symptoms of diseases. The white doctors often thought that African Americans â€Å"contracted syphilis because of their ever-increasing low standards of sexual morality† (24). The participants had to be men about twenty five years of age with syphilis who had not been treated for the disease. It was quite simple to gather a group of people in Macon County because it was a poor community with bad hygiene. Many men who participated in this study have never seen a doctor in their life which willingly made them to be part of this study. The African Americans did not know about the healthcare terms and were taken advantage of by white doctors who contributed to this study. In fact, the doctors had no intention in helping the par ticipants to be cured from syphilis. Syphilis is a disease that is sexually transmitted that can cause serious difficulties such as death if it is not treated. If you treat it with penicillin, it is simple to cure. There are three stages of this disease. The first stage is the primary stage; during this stage a person may notice a single sore or a couple and it is usually painless. During the second stage people start to get rashes or sores in different areas such as the mouth, vagina, or anus. The Latent and Late Stages starts to settle in when all of the symptoms that a person hadShow MoreRelatedEthics Of The Tuskegee Study1377 Words   |  6 Pagesperforming scientific medical research. The Tuskegee study failed to uphold the moral codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study was the longest held study in the United States. The study continued for 40 years, from 1932 to 1972 which at that time a civil rights attorney ended the study and filed a lawsuit claiming the study carried out unethical methods. The Tuskegee study included only African American males with the diagnosis of syphilis. The study initially was to determine if the African AmericanRead MoreRacism and Research the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study | | This essay examines the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, wherein for 40 years (1932-1972) hundreds of black men suffering from advanced syphilis were studied but not treated. The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards; primarily because researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. To explore the role of the racismRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study And The Stanford Prison Experiment883 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological studies unprincipled violations have constructed ethical standards that are essential in today’s research. These moral dilemmas created established professional and federal standards for performing research with human and animal participants, known as, psychological ethical codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients’ consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a research disaster with unethical incidentsRead MoreEthical Principles Of The Tuskegee Study1665 Words   |  7 PagesEthical principles were established to help protect the human population from being unlawfully treated when involved in any type of treatment, research study, or medical decision-making. Miss Evers’ Boys provide examples, to how ethical principles were neglected to be used throughout the study. The Tuskegee study lasted a brutal 40 years and ethical principles where pushed aside, to obtain the evolution of syphilis in African American males. Anyone who is involved in some type of medical treatmentRead MoreThe Tuskegee Study Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Clinton in 1997 apologized for the harm caused by what might be called as America’s most notorious medical experiments, ‘The Tuskegee Study’ saying â€Å"The legacy of the study at Tuskegee has reached far and deep, in ways that hurt our progress and divides our nation. We cannot be one America when a whole segment of our nation has no trust in America. An apology is the first step, and we take it with a commitment to rebuild that broken trust. We can begin by making sure there is never againRead MoreEthical Issues in Modern Medicine1094 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine Introduction When it comes to the Guatemalan syphilis experiment and the Tuskegee experiment both were two unique experiments. Recently, the United States apologized last year for the experiment, done in Tuskegee which was meant to test the drug penicillin. However, Two years before that, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius made an apology for the experiment conducted in Guatemala. With that said, the researcher rejects the case that a utilitarianRead MoreTuskegee : Turmoil And Torture1733 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Walker Phil 250 Ethics in Science/Engineering Professor Beltz 12/12/2015 Tuskegee: Turmoil and Torture The Tuskegee study is one of the most useful situations when examining ethical decisions in science. Most useful because of the unethical decisions made and the justifications for them. The study spanned several decades and many decisions throughout can be examined with an ethical approach. The Tuskegee study was focused on patients who had contracted the disease syphilis. Syphilis at theRead MoreEthics And Research. In 1932 The American Government Conducted1362 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted a study named the Tuskegee Syphilis study, this project was administered by the US Health in Macon County, Alabama. The Government promises 600 plus African American citizens access to free medication and access to proper health care. This study subjects was all tested positive for Syphilis when they enrolled for the study. However, these subjects were denied medicine and were experimented on to help the Government to better understand the Syphilis virus. The men in this study weren’t a wareRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesthe study? 3.) In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4.) Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5.) What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? The Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Any research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannotRead MoreThe Tuskegee Study, Obedience, And The Stanford Prison Experiment1638 Words   |  7 Pagesis not the case in our world today. We are constantly faced with ethical issues in our profession and everyday life. Although we would like to believe that people always do the right thing that is not the case. This reality hits us in cases like the Tuskegee study, the obedience to authority study, and the Stanford prison experiment. The Tuskegee study is a prime example of why ethical treatment is necessary. This study took place in 1932 and dealt with African Americans who had contracted Syphilis

Health Payroll System

Question: Discuss about the Health Payroll System ? Answer : Introduction The Queensland health department in Australia is often used as the best example of the biggest failure in the payroll system which used the most advanced Information System (IS) in the Southern Hemisphere. It was already running eighteen months behind the initial date and the budget also went for about three hundred percentage above than the expected budget that was planned for. The next problem that it faced when it was launched was the delay of the salary to many of the doctors and nurses and the worst part was that some were even not paid or paid incorrectly (Thite and Sandhu 2014). The total cost that it required for the maintenance and stability of the system was estimated to be approximately $1.25 billion AUD (Eden and Sedera 2014). For this reason, Queensland had to face many casualties like the industrial strike which lead to the resignation of the minister of health and some even left the job. The state of government also set up the highest judicial form of enquiry to invest igate what really caused the problem for which this has to face such a crisis (Glass 2013). They also provided a series of recommendations that need to be applied in the Information System projects in the near future. COBIT Framework COBIT or Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies is a framework used for the development, implementing, monitoring and improving the information technology which helps in the governance and management practices. The main goal of this framework is to set a common language for the business executives to help them in communicating about the goals, objectives and results. It includes linking of the business goals with the IT infrastructure which provides series of maturity models and metrics that helps in measuring the achievement and also helps in identifying the business responsibilities which includes Planning and Organization, Delivering and Support, Acquiring and Implementation and monitoring and evaluation (De Haes, Van Grembergen and Debreceny 2013). There are various other frameworks that work collectively like ITIIL, CMMI, COSO and many more to name. COBIT basically holds each of the frameworks within itself. There are various components of the COBIT makes th e framework more easy to use like it often helps the IT companies to organize the data so to bring the best practices in IT industry as well as meeting the business requirements (Haes and Grembergen 2015). It is also used as the reference model and sets up a common language for every individual in the organization which could have been very much useful for Queensland health department so that they could have communicated within themselves the problem they are facing there (Glass 2013). It helps in planning, building, running and monitoring the process related to information technology. It also helps in viewing the complete list of requirements which has been chosen by the management that can be used for the effective IT business control. It also helps in measuring the performances and also helps in illustrating better inter-relationship with different processes. COBIT is being used by the Queensland health department to fulfill the business processes and related technologies and is useful for every organization including this that is fully independent on technologies (Eden and Sedera 2014). It is generally used by government, federal and other private institutions which in turn help in increasing the IT processes to a great extent (Haes and Grembergen 2015). COSO Framework COSO was originally developed for the purpose of evaluation and internal controls. The model is widely accepted framework and is recognized as the standard which is used to measure the effectiveness of the systems for the internal control (Martin, Sanders and Scalan 2014). It can be defined as the process which gets affected by the board of directors, management and other personnel who are meant to complete the achievements for different cases like bringing up the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, financial reporting reliability and also following the rules and regulations (Malkin and Pearson 2014). In COSO, there are five major components which are in play like the Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Monitoring and Information and Communication. In the case of Control Environment, various factors come into play like Integrity and Ethical Values, Commitment to Competence, Organizational Structure and Human resource policies and procedures. For the Risk Assessment, Company-wide and Process-level objectives, Risk identification and Analysis and also manages the changes that is happening. The third is the Control Activities which look into Policies and Procedures, Security, Application and Outsourcing (Duffield and Whitty 2015). The fourth is the Information and Communication which looks into the quality of information and also helps in effectiveness of communication. The last one is the Monitoring which manages the ongoing processes and evaluate the separate processes that is going on. Also it reports the deficiencies which are present in the system. These components work together collectively for the foundation of internal control through directed leadership, shared values and also works for the accountability for control. It also assesses the various problems that the company faces on a routine basis within all the functions in the organizations (Haes and Grembergen 2015). These are designed in such a way so that they can help in minimize the risks involved in it. It also helps in identifying the risks and the objectives are discussed among the managers in all the levels. The biggest advantage of using COSO is that it is monitored and addressed continuously in a timely manner (Malkin and Pearson 2014). Health Department of Queensland The health department of Queensland should have used the COSO for different purposes. Firstly, COSO enables them to understand the risk involved in the project also helps them to meet the desired requirements of the business. The second is that it helps the organization to monitor the different processes that are talking place and evaluate them accordingly (Ainsworth 2013). With the help of COSO, they are able communicate with the managers at different levels and solve their problems (Martin, Sanders and Scalan 2014). It also keeps a check on the integrity and Ethical values also the human resources look at the different policies and security. It also checks the risk that is included in the project which can help them identify it and also helps in rectifying. IBM COBIT and COSO were very much useful which could have been used to find the flaws in the Queensland Health Payroll system which was reviewed by IBM (De Haes, Van Grembergen and Debreceny 2013). Use of these frameworks made the work of IBM quite easy to find the flaws that were the main reason behind the failure of the payroll system for which many employees had to face the problems and for which many were forced to leave (Jarman 2013). With the help of these frameworks, IBM easily understood the problem that what went wrong with the Information Technology and what preventive measures that forgot to take (Ainsworth 2013). Also, this helped them assessing the communication problem in each level and monitors the problems that were present to evaluate individually (Wilkin et al. 2015). Contractors or Parties Other parties used these frameworks to find what the health department was lacking in and what could they have done in order to save that mishap from happening. Using the COBIT framework proper Planning and Organization, Delivering and Support, Acquiring and Implementation and monitoring and evaluation could have been managed so that they do not go over budget (De Haes, Van Grembergen and Debreceny 2013). A toolkit is present in this framework which is used for the regulatory services also with SOX. Also with the help of COSO framework, they could have monitored and evaluated the existing problems like the communication in each level also with the help of this framework; they can assess various problems that the organization was facing that time (Ainsworth 2013). Planning the first phase Queensland Payroll system should have used the development cycle in order to find any flaws present. Different plans were implemented for the successful development of the project. Payroll system is a very important and very complex thing which needs to accesses carefully in order to work properly (Hmelak 2014). The problem with the payroll system was that it involved thousands of employees which automatically increase the complexity of the system. It required a huge amount of time and proper planning before setting this thing up (Duffield and Whitty 2015). For this sole reason, it is very important that proper planning should be planned and implemented accordingly so that later it may not have to face any sort of problems. There were mainly three areas where the organization needs to keep their focus on constantly so that they are able to identify and rectify the problems that the organization might face during the installation of the information technology. The first one that the o rganization should consider about is the Processes of the payroll system as it includes a whole lot of people. The process was complex from beforehand only as the system had to keep track of different things like the login times for each employee, employees who are in leaves or vacation also it had to keep track of the commissionable sales (Brown 2014). Even it had to keep track of the bonuses that were given to the employees which made it even more complex. Another thing that it needs to keep track records of is the ones who left the job or terminated. These things are very important for any organization and Queensland should have taken this into account before setting up the information technology and should have assessed the risks involved in setting this up so that they may not face any difficulty in the near future (Degese 2015). Above all these, there was another burning issue that is the security concern which also should be taken into account (Brown 2014). Different systems have different payroll services. The salaried employees might not to give their login details on a daily basis but the ones who are hourly employees needs to give their login details daily so that the system can keep a track of them. The part time employees need different payroll methods as they are totally different from the regular ones and the ones who are doing their shift on an hourly basis (Thite and Sandhu 2014). Planning of the different levels of employees along with their payment system was established. Analysis of the Second Phase There were many factors that needed to be analyzed before setting up the Information Technology. The first is the payroll system which needed to be analyzed carefully because of its nature of complexity. Payroll services works different for different sectors of an organization so it needed to be reviewed more carefully than any other (Degese 2015). It was a computerized payroll so the first thing that needed to be analyzed was the size of the business and how the payroll services will work in this environment which needed to assessed by the team of specialists before it went online (Brown 2014). As the payroll services works differently, they needed more time in evaluating the consequences and also the problems that can occur because of this. It also needed to assess the total cost and should have made a proper planning before moving further. The requirements were also need to be analyzed so that it did not lack anything when the system was finally installed and goes live (Schefe and Timbrell 2013). It would also help in keeping the cost under control and helps the cost to be in line rather than going over budget. The total number of hourly, part time and salaried employees should also be taken and should be managed carefully by the system. The organization should take care of the ups and downs of the economy so that the employees can get their salaries within time. Lastly, the terms and conditions should be defined carefully so that there lays no confusion among the employers (Tursunbayeva et al. 2016). Conclusion The Queensland health payroll system was thought to have the best information technology but due to lack of proper planning and evaluation, launch of the system was delayed and when it finally launched, there were many issues regarding the salaries of the employees like irregular salary or worst they are not getting their salaries also this resulted in the over budget. If they had used the COBIT or COSO framework within their system, then they could have easily understood the problems that they are having and also they can know where the problem lies and can easily cope up with that. Also using this framework could help them understand all the problems and help them analyze it properly and with proper planning, they can get to the root of the problem and solve it. Therefore, before setting up any Information Technology, it is very much important for the organization to understand the upcoming problems and should make a contingency plan accordingly. This would help them in saving some time also keep the budget under control. References Ainsworth, H., 2013. Improving project management of IT enabled projectslessons we can learn from. Brown, D.R.B., 2014.An exploration of the role of ethics in leadership decision-making in change initiatives in Queensland government owned corporations(Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Queensland). De Haes, S., Van Grembergen, W. and Debreceny, R.S., 2013. COBIT 5 and enterprise governance of information technology: Building blocks and research opportunities.Journal of Information Systems,27(1), pp.307-324. Degese, M.S., Tanos, T., Naipauer, J., Gingerich, T., Chiappe, D., Echeverria, P., LaMarre, J., Gutkind, J.S. and Coso, O.A., 2015. An interplay between the p38 MAPK pathway and AUBPs regulates c-fos mRNA stability during mitogenic stimulation.Biochemical Journal,467(1), pp.77-90. Duffield, S. and Whitty, S.J., 2015. Developing a systemic lessons learned knowledge model for organisational learning through projects.International journal of project management,33(2), pp.311-324. Eden, R. and Sedera, D., 2014. The largest admitted IT project failure in the Southern Hemisphere: a teaching case. InProceedings of the 35th International Conference on Information Systems: Building a Better World Through Information Systems. AISeL. Glass, R.L., 2013. The Queensland Health Payroll Debacle.Information Systems Management,30(1), pp.89-90. Haes, S.D. and Grembergen, W.V., 2015. Enterprise Governance of Information Technology: Achieving Alignment and Value, Featuring COBIT 5. Hmelak, M., 2014. The IT Audit of the Republic of Slovenia's eHealth Project.International Journal of Government Auditing,41(3), p.12. Jarman, R., 2013. Psychopathy As A Phenomenon Of Interest In Information Systems Research. InECIS(p. 84). Malkin, B. and Pearson, M., 2014. The information technology industry needs to learn how to tackle complex projects from the building and construction industry (1054). InMastering Complex Projects Conference 2014(p. 87). Engineers Australia. Martin, K., Sanders, E. and Scalan, G., 2014. The potential impact of COSO internal control integrated framework revision on internal audit structured SOX work programs.Research in Accounting Regulation,26(1), pp.110-117. Schefe, N. and Timbrell, G., 2013. A conceptualization of complexity in IS-driven organizational transformations. Thite, M. and Sandhu, K., 2014. Where is My Pay? Critical Success Factors of a Payroll SystemA System Life Cycle Approach.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,18(2). Tursunbayeva, A., Bunduchi, R., Franco, M. and Pagliari, C., 2016. Human resource information systems in health care: a systematic evidence review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, p.ocw141. Wilkin, C., Couchman, P., Sohal, A. and Zutshi, A., 2015. Exploring Differences between Large and Medium Organizations Corporate Governance of Information Technology.

Supply Chain Coursework an Example by

Supply Chain Coursework by Expert Prof Nelly | 14 Dec 2016 1(a). In the diagram presented, eight effects were observed in the first marking scheme. The items depicted in the marking scheme are reminiscent of the bullwhip effect, which is an incident that occurs when some factors in a demand-motivated supply chain act up. The first observation is the distortion of information. Upon looking closely at the setup of the supply chain, it is easy to leave out and misinterpret bits and pieces of information as a result of the frequent transfer of information from one part of the chain to another. Need essay sample on "Supply Chain Coursework" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The second and an obvious characteristic of the organization presented by the diagram is the fragmented supply chain. In the diagram, companies A,B,C,D, and E have an indirect but interdependent relationships as far as supply and demand are concerned. Companies A, B, C, D and E each own one particular stage that lead to the delivery of the finished product to the consumer. Taking into account the companies relationships with the customer, only Company A has a clear-cut and transparent association with the end user. The farther a company goes into the supply chain, the more time is required for it to wait for results or further feedback. Thus, there is a need for protective stock. The result is time delays in the processing of orders, payments, and other transactions as there is no direct communication with the end customer. The lack of transparency between transactions leading to the real demand also brings about possible planning distortions. Communication lines between business partners have to be open and frequent for plans to be executed smoothly and perfectly to fruition. (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 2004) The structure of the supply chain as seen in the diagram lends to the amplification of demand further away from real demand. The end consumer is in direct communication only with Company A. Company A, on the other hand has an exclusive partnership with Company B. Likewise, Company B has an exclusive partnership with Company C. The same setup is true for Company D and E. The real demand is what the end consumer requires from Company A. The existing arrangement complicates an otherwise simple business transaction between what is supposed to be a deal between Company A and the end customer. Should there be periods where demand falls, there is the certainty of an increase in non-value added buffer stocks. The evident absence of communication between the customer and third-party suppliers may result in unreliable deliveries. In attempts to bridge delays in delivery, the customer will tend to order in advance which may result in over-ordering if there is poor capacity planning and delivery schedules are not managed efficiently. The existing setup makes for a rather inefficient supply chain, which is susceptible to miscommunication, error, delays and losses. (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 2004) 1(b). Several solutions can be implemented to reduce the impact of the bullwhip effect. For the existing setup to be more efficient, companies should explore means of integrating several stages in the supply chain. Companies should examine their procedures to determine if there are processes that can be integrated or eliminated. This will result in savings, which will later translate into an increased earning capacity. An improvement of relationships in the supply chain leads to better communication between entities and makes for faster and more efficient transactions. Supply chains with similar setups will greatly benefit from ERP systems or Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. All the data and the processes of an organization will be integrated into one central system with the ERPs. Therefore, utilizing ERPs is a more time-efficient method of managing transactions. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2007) EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) or e-procurement implements processes that would automate transactions such as ordering. Like ERP systems, the use of EDI improves the speed of processing transactions and leads to more accurate busienss information. Real time information is the result of the proper use of tools such as ERPs and EDI. Managing transactions using real time information means that the information used is fresh, updated and will lead to better results for the whole organization. Transparency in all components the supply chain will lead to better communication between members of the chain and is essential in efficiently addressing the needs that will make for smooth operations. (Brunke n.d.) 2(a) Organizations use certain criteria to evaluate the performance of a logistics supply chain. Processes that organizations may be spending too much on will be revealed by a thorough analysis of costs by activity. A review of activity costs will help managers determine where to cut costs within an organization. (Brunke n.d.) Customer satisfaction is always good measure of the success of a company. Organizations can use valuable feedback information to determine their strengths and weaknesses. Proper attention to and evaluation of issues that customers will raise is a good way of determining what areas to improve on in terms of service levels. (Brunke n.d.) Two areas that would eat up a significant amount of companies budgets are warehousing and transportation costs. In order to deliver quality products to customer, companies must be careful of how they store and transport their products from the warehouses to the stores. In line with this, they must come up with an efficient routing system that would ensure that products will come to their customers on time at the best quality. For example, grocery store chain that has two branches that are near each other dont need individual warehouses for their inventory. In order to save on costs, the grocery chain should have one warehouse that is located near both stores to keep inventory for both. Delivery routes should be well-planned such that inventory for restocking both stores can be accommodated using one delivery truck. This will help the company save on storage expense as well as fuel expenses. (Brunke n.d.) Storage and transportation are essential activities in a supply chain. A well-defined warehousing and transportation system will lead to reduced logistics support costs. It is wise to measure supplier performance to ensure that products are always at top quality. Suppliers should be subject to inspections and evaluations from time to time to guarantee that raw materials or services availed from them are at a par to the companys standards. 2 (b) All business organizations are not without their fair share of obstacles. In developing a Logistics Information System or L.I.S. there are several common problems that organizations should look out for. The first problem is inaccurate data. Inaccurate data results from an inefficient system of recording transaction information. In spite of the seemingly trivial, sometimes redundant nature of this activity, it is essential that problems with inaccurate data is dealt with at the onset to prevent a snowball effect of other problems that it may bring about. Poor forecasting is the result of working with inaccurate data. This may lead to other problems such as overstocking. The lack of systems integration causes delays in processing of data and affects the quality and timeliness of data available for use in the different departments of an organization. The lack of real time information is the result of not dealing with the problem of inaccurate data at the onset. This may bring about serious discrepancies with regards to transaction information. Only an efficient flow of information will be able to remedy these conditions. (Brunke n.d.) A fragmented supply chain is consequence of a poorly managed supply chain. This is inherent in supply chains wherein the different stages of production are outsourced to different companies or organizations. To prevent an organization from suffering such a condition, it is important to carefully evaluate processes in order to avoid overlapping procedures. (Brunke n.d.) Reference List Lee, Hau L., V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang. Comments on "information distortion in a supply chain: the bullwhip effect"; The bullwhip effect: reflections. December 1, 2004. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Enterprise resource planning. August 9, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning#Before (accessed August 10, 2007).